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SPECIFICATIONS 

AND 

TOLERANCES 

FOR 


eighing  and  Measuring 
Apparatus 

Kg  ,  ^ 

IN  THE 

CITY  OF  CHICAGO 


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Published  by 

he  Department  of  Weights  and  Measures 
Chicago,  Illinois 

January  5,  1914 


i'rm 

m 


H.  G.  Adair,  Printing 


107-111  No.  Market  St. 


| 
i 


J 


389- 

C^Ss 


Specifications  and 
Tolerances 


V  \ 

LINEAR  MEASURES. 

Cs 

Specifications — Measures  of  length  may  be  grad¬ 
uated  in  yards,  meters,  feet  or  inches  with  customary 
subdivisions,  provided  that  nothing  in  this  section 
shall  prevent  the  subdivision  of  the  Gunter’s  chain 
into  links. 

Main  divisions  shall  be  plainly  designated,  and 
the  length  of  their  graduations  shall  be  longer  than 
that  of  the  intermediate  subdivisions.  Intermediate 
subdivisions  shall  be  varied  in  length  that  they  may 
be  conveniently  read. 

Lines  shall  not  be  greater  in  width  than  %  of 
the  smallest  subdivision.  Provided,  however,  that  in 
no  case  shall  the  line  be  wider  than  .03  inch. 

All  graduations  must  be  spaced  uniformly  and 
be  perpendicular  to  the  edge  of  measure. 

Measures  of  length  may  be  made  of  any  material 
whose  form  or  dimensions  remain  reasonably  per¬ 
manent  under  normal  conditions;  for  example,  steel, 
7  brass,  hard  wood,  etc.  Provided,  however,  that 
tapes  for  commercial  purposes  may  be  made  of  wire 
woven  cloth. 

The  ends  of  wooden  measures  shall  be  protected 
L  by  metal  firmly  attached  to  the  measures. 

Length  measures  shall  be  smooth  and  straight. 

Counter  tacks  may  be  used  when  diameter  of  head 
0  does  not  exceed  one-eighth  inch. 

Tapes  which  have  errors  exceeding  those  in  the 
^  following  table  should  not  be  sealed. 


Length. 

Allowable  Error. 

Tension. 

100  ft. 

J4  inch 

10  lbs. 

66  “ 

“ 

10  “ 

O') 

50  “ 

A  “ 

10  “ 

>. 

< 

33  “ 

&  “ 

10  “ 

9 

25  “ 

*  “ 

10  “ 

10  “ 

*  “ 

5  “ 

6  “ 

3*2 

5  “ 

3  “ 

3*2  “ 

5  “ 

On  all  measures  of  length  except  tapes  the  fol¬ 
lowing  tolerances  shall  be  allowed: 


Length. 

6  feet 

5  “ 

4  “ 

3  “ 

2  ”  - 

1  “ 

6  inches  or  less 


Tolerance. 
A  inch 


&  “ 
Vk  " 
A  “ 

&  “ 


LIQUID  CAPACITY  MEASURES. 


(Not  including  graduated  glassware.) 


Specifications — Liquid  measures  must  be  made 
strong  enough  to  withstand  ordinary  usage  without 
becoming  easily  bent,  indented,  or  damaged,  and 
should  tie  made  of  enamelware,  metal,  glass,  or  com¬ 
position. 

Liquid  measures  must  be  such  that  the  capacity 
is  determined  by  a  definite  edge  at  the  top  of  the 
measure,  and  graduating  rings,  except  those  placed 
to  strengthen  the  measure,  will  not  be  allowed. 


These  reinforcing  rings  must  be  so  placed  that  they 
cannot  'be'  mistaken  for  graduations. 

'  In  a  liquid  measure  having  a  tap,  this  tap  must 
completely  empty  the  measure  without  tilting,  and 
when  pouring  lid  is  provided  the  measure  must  hold 

*  -T  I  '  '  -  '  .  -  :  . 

its  full  capacity  without  the  contents  running  into 
the  lip. 

‘  The  following  errors  are  allowable: 


Measure. 

*  ^  >  ’  *  * 

Tolerance. 

*  ' 

10  gal. 

5.  il 

02.  9. 

cu. 

in. 

'  • 

’"'--'I  -  - 

• '  - :i  * '  4 

3.  u : 

“  5.4 

ii 

it 

*  •  / 

2. 

“  3.6 

ii 

ii 

,.t : 

3  " 

2.  J  “ 

*  3.6 

ii 

ii 

i 

'•  2  “ 

1. 

"  1.8 

« 

a 

1  gal. 

4.  fl. 

drams. 

.9 

cu. 

in. 

•  -/ 

J^/  !(’  -  - 

3.  " 

€  i 

.68 

ii 

ii 

1  quart' 

2.  “ 

ii  .  ^  . 

.45 

ii 

ii  . 

-  i 
■  •  i 

•  1  pint 

1.5  “ 

ii 

.34 

ii 

ii 

••  •  ..  ^ 

1.0 

a 

1  j  • 

.22 

ii 

ii 

1  gill 

1.0  “ 

a 

.22 

if 

ft 

^  *r'  i V 

i  L  ™  •  -*  » 


MEASURING  PUMPS. 


Specifications — All  stops,  where  there  are  such, 
should  be  so  arranged  that  they  can  be  sealed,  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  stops  cannot  be  changed 
•without  destroying  the  seal. 

The  amounts  delivered  shall  be  correct  within 
the  tolerances  specified  for  liquid  measures. 

The  amounts  delivered  shall  be  correct,  irrespec¬ 
tive  of  the  speed  -with  which  it  may  be  operated  or 
whether  it  has  been  unused  for  any  length  of  time. 


DRY  CAPACITY  MEASURES. 


Specifications — Dry  capacity  measures  must  be 
made  of  metal,  well  dried  wood  or  composition,  and 
must  be  strong  enough  to  stand  the  use  to  which 
they  are  subjected  without  materially  changing  their 
shape  or  becoming  indented. 

All  dry  measures  up  to  and  including  y2  bushel 
shall  be  cylindrical  and  circular  in  cross-section. 
Provided,  however,  that  measures  may  be  used  if 
the  diameter  of  the  top  is  not  more  than  10 % 
greater  than  that  of  the  bottom  diameter.  In  no 
case  must  the  top  diameter  be  less  than  that  of 
the  bottom. 

The  bottoms  must  be  flat  and  perpendicular  to 
the  axis  of  the  measure.  Provided,  however,  that 

y  .  1 

for  strengthening  purposes  the  bottoms  of  metal 
measures  may  be  slightly  corrugated.  These  cor¬ 
rugations  may  be  straight  or  radial,  but  not  con¬ 
centric. 

Measures  of  one  bushel  and  over  must  be 
equipped  with  handles. 

i  -  f  -  >  .  ^ 

.  .  ‘  1  -v .  .  J 

Baskets  used  as  measures  shall  not  be  less  than  y2 
bushel  capacity. 

The  capacity  of  the  measure  shall  be  defined  by 

/  •  <  <  ,  ;  -%  /. 

the  top  rim. 

Containers  which  are  not  of  the  capacity  of  a 
bushel,  its  multiples,  or  its  binary  subdivisions  shall 
not  be  used  as  measures. 

Double  capacity  measures  or  measures  with  one 
end  used  for  one  capacity  and  the  other  for  a  dif¬ 
ferent  capacity,  shall  not  be  used. 

The  following  errors  are  allowable: 

Measure. 

1  bushel 

Y*  “ 

1  peck 

^2  “ 

2  quarts 

1  “ 

1  pint 

K2  “ 

Ya  “ 

Double  these  errors  should  be  allowed  for  baskets 
used  in  the  sale  of  berries,  and  small  fruitts. 


Tolerance. 


25. 

cu. 

in 

15. 

n 

44 

8. 

n 

44 

5. 

44 

44 

2.5 

44 

44 

1.5 

44 

44 

1.0 

44 

44 

.5 

44 

44 

.25 

44 

44 

SCALES. 

General  Specifications. 

Where  the  scale  is  not  equipped  with  a  full  capa¬ 
city  beam  or  reading  face,  which,  together  with  beam 
or  runner,  indicates  the  capacity,  the  maximum  capa¬ 
city  must  be  clearly  and  permanently  placed  on  the 
scale  where  it  can  be  easily  seen. 

The  construction  of  all  scales  must  be  such  that 
they  will  bear  the  maximum  capacity  without  percep¬ 
tibly  bending,  straining  or  loosening  the  parts. 

All  knife-edges  must  be  firmly  attached. 

The  knife-edges  must  be  of  hardened  and  tem¬ 
pered  steel.  They  must  be  sharp  throughout  their 
entire  length  of  bearing  contact,  and  bear  evenly 
the  length  of  their  working  parts. 

Bearing  covers  which  are  liable  to  come  in  con¬ 
tact  with  the  knife  edges  must  be  smooth  and  of  a 
material  equal  in  hardness  to  the  knife  edge.  The 
part  of  the  knife  edge  coming  in  such  contact  must 
be  so  constructed  that  the  friction  due  to  this  cause 
is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

If  the  scale  has  interchangeable  or  reversible 
parts,  the  interchange  or  reversal  must  not  affect  the 
accuracy  of  the  instrument. 

The  position  of  all  nose  irons  shall  be  clearly 
indicated  by  a  well  defined  mark  showing  the  posi¬ 
tion  of  these  parts  when  the  scale  was  installed. 

Scales  equipped  with  a  scoop  counterbalanced  by 
a  removable  poise  or  weight  must  not  be  used. 

The  graduations  on  all  beams  shall  consist  of 
sharply  defined  lines  or  notches  which  must  be  uni¬ 
form  in  spacing  and  character  and  parallel  to  each 
other. 

Weight  graduations  on  the  beam  must  indicate 
the  weight  represented  by  the  poise. 

A  shoulder  stop  must  be  provided  on  all  beams  to 
prevent  the  poise  traveling  back  of  the  zero  grad¬ 
uation. 

The  adjusting  material  in  all  poises  must  be  se¬ 
curely  enclosed  and  permanently  attached,  and  in 
such  a  position  that  it  will  not  rub  on  the  beam. 

Where  the  poise  is  equipped  with  a  set-screw 
this  must  be  permanently  attached  and  not  remov¬ 
able. 

Where  the  poise  is  provided  with  a  device  in¬ 
tended  to  engage  in  the  notches  this  must  fit  firmly 
and  without  perceptible  movement. 

The  bearing  edge  of  hanging  poises  must  be 
hard  and  sharp. 

Poises  must  not  be  readily  detachable  from  the 
beam. 

The  normal  position  of  the  beam  shall  be  hori¬ 
zontal. 

Unstable  or  accelerating  scales  shall  not  be  used. 


The  term  “bearing”  herein  referred  to  is  defined 
as  the  entire  contact  between  the  knife  edge  and 
bearing  surface. 

The  sensibility  reciprocal  is  the  weight  required 
to  move  the  beam,  pan,  pointer  or  other  indicating 
device  of  a  scale  a  definite  amount.  In  scales  pro¬ 
vided  with  a  beam  and  trig  loop  the  sensibility 
reciprocal  is  the  added  weight  required  to  be  placed 
upon  the  platform  to  break  and  turn  the  beam  from 
a  horizontal  position  in  the  middle  of  the  loop  to  a 
position  of  equilibrium  at  the  top  of  the  loop.  This 
may  be  determined  indirectly  by  subtracting  the 
weight  instead  of  adding  it  or  by  using  the  sliding 
poise  on  the  beam  if  this  is  moved  without  jarring 
the  beam,  etc. 

In  the  case  of  scales  with  stabilized  platforms, 
such  as  even-armed  trip  scales  and  single-platform 
scales,  such  as  postal  scales,  the  sensibility  recipro¬ 
cal  is  the  amount  of  added  weight  required  on  the 
platform  to  cause  the  pan  to  move  from  the  normal 
position  to  a  position  of  equilibrium  at  the  limit  of 
its  motion. 

In  the  use  of  scales  provided  with  a  pointer  and 
graduated  arc,  it  is  the  weight  required  to  move  the 
pointer  over  one  division. 

PLATFORM  SCALES. 

Specifications — The  foundation  of  all  built-in 
scales  shall  be  solid  and  firm. 

All  bearings  shall  be  smooth  and  of  a  material 
at  least  equal  in  hardness  to  the  knife  edges.  For 
scales  of  above  5,000  lbs.  capacity  the  bearings  shall 
be  made  of  steel  tempered  HARD.  The  term  “bear¬ 
ing”  used  in  this  paragraph  refers  to  the  entire  line 
of  contact  between  knife  edges  and  their  bearings 
and  the  point  of  contact  between  nose  ironsteels  and 
shackle  bars. 

Platform  scales  having  an  outside  frame  must 
be  equipped  with  a  checking  or  centering  device 
which  will  keep  the  platform  from  binding  against 
the  frame  and  hold  the  platform  bearings  in  their 
proper  position  on  the  main  lever  knife  edges. 
These  devices  must  not  bind  and  must  also  cause 
the  platform  bearings  to  return  to  their  normal  line 
of  contact  on  the  knife  edges  when  the  platform 
is  disturbed. 

Scales  with  platforms  must  be  so  constructed  that 
there  is  sufficient  clearance  between  the  platform 
and  the  frame  to  allow  for  any  expansion  due  to 
weather  effects.  Sufficient  clearance  must  also  be 
provided  that  the  live  parts  of  the  scale  will  not 
bind  or  be  interfered  with  by  the  ordinary  accumu¬ 
lation  of  dirt. 

A  wagon  scale  should  have  at  least  12  feet  of 


straight  way  on  either  end  of  the  scale  in  the  same 
plane  as  the  platform. 

Platforms  and  levers  must  be  made  sufficiently 
rigid  that  the  degree  of  deflection  under  the  maxi¬ 
mum  load  will  not  affect  the  accuracy  of  the  scale. 
When  the  scale  is  equipped  with  a  relieving  device 
its  operation  must  not  change  the  normal  balance 
of  the  beam. 

When  corner  platform  loops  are  removable  they 
must  be  marked  to  identify  them  with  their  proper 
corner. 

The  balance  ball  on  all  counter  platform  scales 
shall  be  so  constructed  that  it  can  be  operated  only 
by  a  mechanical  device. 

Any  device  for  altering  the  sensibility  of  the 
scale  or  which  might  cause  the  beam  to  become  un¬ 
stable  or  accelerating  shall  be  so  limited  in  adjust¬ 
ment  that  the  beam  cannot  be  made  unstable. 

All  beams  shall  be  so  marked  and  graduated 
that  the  value  of  the  weight  can  be  directly  read 
on  the  beam  at  all  points  whether  or  not  a  register¬ 
ing  or  stamping  device,  is  used. 

The  beam  shall  have  equal  play  above  and  below 
the  normal  horizontal  position. 

The  minimum  travel  of  the  beam  in  the  trig  loop 
shall  conform  to  the  following  table: 

Length  of  Beam. 

_JUnder  12  iqches  .4  inch 

Over  12  inches  and  including  20  in.  .5  “ 

Over  20  inches  and  including  40  in.  .7  “ 

Over  40  inches  and  up  .9  “ 

The  length  of  the  beam  refers  to  the  distance 
from  the  fulcrum  to  the  nearest  point  of  the  trig 
loop. 

If  the  poise  on  a  notched  beam  is  equipped  with 
a  spring  this  shall  be  of  sufficient  strength  to  seat 
the  pawl  in  its  proper  position  wherever  in  the  notch 
the  pawl  is  placed. 

Poises  shall  be  so  constructed  that  no  part  can  be 
easily  detached. 

Reading  edges  or  indicators  of  poises  must  be 
sharply  defined,  and  all  reading  edges  must  be  paral¬ 
lel  to  the  graduations. 

The  sensibility  weight  of  platform  scales  shall 
not  exceed  the  value  of  two  of  the  minimum  grad¬ 
uations  on  the  beam  at  the  capacity  or  at  any  lesser 
load. 

The  tolerance  allowed  at  any  load  must  not  ex¬ 
ceed  that  in  the  following  table,  provided,  however, 
that  the  tolerance  in  no  case  shall  be  less  than  the 
minimum  graduation  on  the  beam. 

“Inside  scales”  are  defined  as  scales  that  are 
used  inside  of  a  building. 

“Outside  scales”  are  defined  as  scales  of  the 


dormant,  -wagon  and  railroad  track  type,  which  are 
installed  outside  of  a  building. 

The  columns  with  the  heading  “On  Ratio”  refer 
to  the  error  in  the  ratio  or  multiplication  of  scales 
with  which  counterpoise  weights  are  used. 

The  columns  with  the  heading  “Full  Capacity 
Beam”  refer  to  weightless  or  self-contained  scales. 

The  column  with  the  heading  “Load”  refers  to 
the  amount  of  weight  placed  in  any  position  on  the 
scale  platform. 

- Inside  Scales. - -  - Outside  Scales. - 


On 

Full  Capacity 

On 

Full  Capac 

Load. 

Ratio. 

Beam. 

Ratio. 

Beam. 

50  lbs. 

OZ. 

1  OZ. 

100 

i( 

1  “ 

2  “ 

200 

n 

2  “ 

4  “ 

240 

a 

3  “ 

6  “ 

300 

u 

3  “ 

6  “ 

400, 

a 

4  “ 

8  “ 

600 

a 

6  “ 

12  “ 

800 

u 

8  “ 

1  lb. 

1000 

a 

8  “ 

1  “ 

1200 

a 

10  “ 

m  “ 

1500 

n 

12  “ 

1800 

a 

14  “ 

m  “ 

1  ton 

1  lb. 

2  “ 

2  lbs. 

4  lbs 

1  Ya 

u 

iy4  “ 

2/  “ 

2/2 

66 

5 

66 

2 

66 

2  “ 

4  “ 

4 

66 

8 

66 

3 

66 

3  “ 

6  “ 

6 

66 

12 

66 

4 

66 

4  “ 

8  “ 

8 

6  6 

16 

66 

5 

66 

5  “ 

10  “ 

10 

66 

20 

66 

6 

66 

6  “ 

12  “ 

12 

-  \  ' 

66 

24 

66 

8 

66 

8  “ 

16  “ 

16 

66 

32 

66 

’  10 

66 

10  “ 

20  “ 

20 

66 

40 

66 

.  12 

66 

12  “ 

24  “ 

24 

66 

48 

66 

15 

66 

15  “ 

30  “ 

30 

66 

60 

*66 

20 

66 

20  “ 

40  “ 

40 

66 

80 

66 

40 

66 

40  “ 

80  “ 

80 

66 

160 

66 

50 

66 

50  “ 

100  “ 

100 

66 

200 

f  I 

66 

80 

66 

80  “ 

160  “ 

160 

66 

320 

66 

100 

66 

100  “ 

200  “ 

200 

66 

400 

66 

150 

66 

150  “ 

300  “ 

300 

66 

600 

66 

200 

66 

200  “ 

400  “ 

400 

66 

800 

66 

COUNTER  BALANCES  AND  SCALES. 

Specifications — Bearings  must  be  made  of  a  mate¬ 
rial  equal  at  least  to  the  knife  edges  in  hardness. 
(Tempered  steel  or  agate  may  be  used  but  are  not 
required.)  .  j  ,rh 

The  shape  of  the  bearings  must  be  such-  that 
when  the  beam  is  displaced  in  any  manner,  the  knife 
edges  will  return  to  their  proper  line  of  contact. 

The  under  connections  must  form  a  parallelogram 
with  a  line  joining  the  knife  .edges  in  the  beam. 


These  connections  must  be  straight  and  work  freely. 

All  material  used  for  balancing  the  scale  must  be 
securely  enclosed. 

Attachments  for  adjusting  the  balance  of  the 
scale  must  be  of  such  character  that  they  can  only 
be  operated  by  the  use  of  an  outside  mechanical 
device. 

Scales  on  which  any  weight  or  weights  when  used 
are  not  visible  must  be  equipped  with  a  device  which 
will  plainly  indicate  on  the  customer’s  side  of  the 
scale  when  the  weight  or  weights  have  been  added 
and  their  value. 

Pendulum  scales  must  be  equipped  with  a  device 
for  indicating  when  the  scale  is  level. 

Pendulum  scales  must  be  equipped  with  leveling 
devices  which  require  the  use  of  an  outside  mechan¬ 
ical  device  for  their  operation. 

When  a  weight  equal  to  one-half  the  capacity 
of  the  scale  is  placed  upon  the  weight  plate  in  such  a 
position  that  the  edge  of  the  weight  coincides  with 
the  edge  of  the  plate,  the  allowable  error  in  the 
scale  should  not  exceed  the  allowable  error  for  the 
scale  at  its  full  capacity. 

When  a  weight  equal  to  one-half  the  capacity  of 
the  scale  is  shifted  on  the  commodity  plate  or  scoop 
to  a  point  one-half  the  distance  between  the  center 
and  edge  of  the  plate  or  scoop  the  error  should 
not  exceed  the  allowable  error  for  the  scale  at  its 
full  capacity. 

When  scales  are  equipped  with  a  graduated  beam 
the  sensibility  weight  allowed  shall  not  be  greater 
than  two  of  the  smallest  graduations  on  the  beam. 
Provided,  however,  that  in  no  case  shall  the  sensi¬ 
bility  weight  allowed  be  greater  than  that  in  the 
table  below. 

The  minimum  fall  or  drop  of  the  plate  or  scoop 
on  equal  armed  scales  from  its  highest  point  shall 
be  as  follows: 

Capacity  4  lbs.  and  below  .35  inch 

“  4  “  to  12  lbs.  .5  “ 

“  12  “  “  26  “  .75  “ 

26  “  and  upwards  1. 

On  scales  equipped  with  graduated  beams  the 
error  allowed  at  any  point  on  the  beam  shall  not  ex¬ 
ceed  the  same  proportional  part  of  the  error  allowed 
at  the  capacity  of  the  scale  that  the  weight  repre¬ 
sented  by  the  poise  at  that  point  on  the  beam  bears 
to  the  capacity  of  the  scale.  Provided,  however,  that 
the  tolerance  shall  in  no  case  be  less  than  one- 
fourth  of  the  sensibility  weight  of  the  scale. 

Except  on  special  tests  mentioned  above,  the  tol- 


erances  and 

sensibility  weights 

must  not  exceed 

those  given  in 

the  tables  below: 

Sensibility 

Capacity. 

Tolerance. 

Reciprocal. 

1  lb. 

-h  oz. 

Vs 

OZ. 

2 

u 

*  “ 

Vs 

<< 

4 

a 

54  “ 

54 

41 

5 

a 

Vs  “ 

54 

44 

6 

a 

Vs  “ 

54 

44 

8 

a 

54  “ 

54 

44 

10 

a 

54  “ 

54 

44 

12 

i  ( 

54  “ 

54 

44 

15 

a 

&  “ 

■H 

44 

20 

a 

tv  “ 

> 

V 

44 

24 

a 

Vs  “ 

l 

44 

25 

n 

Vs  “ 

l 

44 

30 

a 

Vs  “ 

l 

44 

40 

n 

154 

44 

50 

a 

54  “ 

154 

44 

60 

a 

54  “ 

154 

44 

75 

a 

Vs  “  ■ 

.  2 

44 

90 

n 

Vs  “ 

254 

44 

100 

a 

1  “ 

3 

44 

SPRING  BALANCES. 

(Note. — The  following  specifications  and  toler¬ 
ances  are  to  apply  to  all  spring  balances  except  in 
so  far  as  they  are  modified  for  special  types,  under 
the  sub-heads  given  hereafter.) 

Specifications — Graduated  faces  must  be  perma¬ 
nently  fixed  in  position. 

All  graduations  must  be  clear  and  distinct  and 
equally  spaced. 

The  clear  interval  between  the  graduations  must 
be  not  less  than  .04  inch. 

The  pointer  must  be  firmly  attached  and  reach 
to  the  graduated  divisions.  That  part  of  the  pointer 
which  reaches  to  the  smallest  subdivisions  must  not 
exceed  the  width  of  these  divisions. 

The  distance  from  the  pointer  to  the  reading  face 
must  not  exceed  .12  inch. 

All  devices  for  adjusting  must  be  such  that  they 
are  accessible  or  operative  only  by  the  use  of  an 
outside  mechanical  device. 

No  device  to  alter  the  working  length  of  the 
spring  shall  be  placed  on  the  outside  of  the  balance. 

When  there  is  no  load,  the  indicator  shall  clearly 
point  to  the  zero  graduation,  and  there  shall  be  no 
stop  to  prevent  the  indicator  going  beyond  the  zero 
graduation. 

When  the  graduations  commence  at  a  fixed  load 
the  position  of  the  pointer  when  there  is  no  load 
shall  be  clearly  indicated  by  a  zero  graduation. 

Hanging  spring  scales  shall  be  freely  suspended 
from  the  ring,  when  in  use. 


If  provided  with  a  hanging  pan  this  shall  be 
hung  to  a  ring,  and  no  hook  will  be  allowed.  Pro¬ 
vided-,  however,  that  a  hook  may  be  used  if  no  pan  is 
provided. 

Where  a  dish-shaped  pan  is  provided  there  shall 
be  an  opening  in  said  pan  to  allow'  for  drainage. 

When  a  weight  equal  to  one-half  the  capacity  of 
the  scale  is  shifted  to  a  point  one-half  the  distance 
between  the  center  and  edge  of  the  plate  or  scoop, 
the  error  should  not  exceed  the  allowable  error  for 
the  scale  at  its  full  capacity. 

Spring  balances  on  which  a  w-eight  or  weights 
when  used  are  not  visible  must  be  equipped  writh  a 
device  which  will  indicate  on  the  customer’s  side 
when  the  weight  or  weights  have  been  added,  and 
their  value. 

The  value  of  the  graduations  on  spring  balances 
used  in  the  sale  of  foodstuffs  at  retail  shall  not  be 
more  than  1  oz.  Provided,  however,  that  this  shall 
not  apply  to  scales  used  exclusively  in  the  sale  of 
vegetables. 

Spring  balances  must  give  correct  results,  whether 
the  load  is  increased  or  decreased. 

The  specifications  for  each  part  of  combination 
spring  and  lever  balances  shall  be  the  same  as  those 
for  the  class  to  which  such  part  belongs. 

With  the  exception  of  the  special  test  noted  above 
spring  balances  must  be  correct  within  the  following 
tolerances.  Provided,  however,  that  in  no  case  shall 
the  tolerance  be  less  than  one-quarter  of  the  mini¬ 
mum  graduation  on  the  reading  face. 

This  table  specifies  the  tolerance  to  be  allowed 
at  the  values  indicated,  and  does  not  refer  to  the 
capacity  of  the  balance: 

Graduations.  Tolerances. 


1 

lb. 

Vs 

OZ. 

2 

n 

Ya 

Li 

3 

4i 

•  Ya 

LL 

4 

L  % 

y2 

Li 

5 

L  » 

y2 

Li 

6 

4  4 

y 

Li 

7 

LL 

y2 

LL 

8 

Li 

Ya 

a 

10 

i  4 

Ya 

LL 

12 

4( 

1 

Li 

15 

4  L 

1 

Li 

20 

Li 

l/2 

Li 

24 

LL 

1/2 

Li 

25 

Li 

1  Yt 

Li 

30 

6% 

2 

LL 

40 

4  L 

2 

LL 

50 

it 

3 

a 

60 

LL 

3 

Li 

75 

LL 

4 

Li 

90 

LL 

4 

a 

Graduations. 

.  120  lb. 
150  “ 
200  “ 
300  “ 
400  “ 
500  “ 
600  “ 


Tolerances. 

,  4  oz.. 

6  “ 

8  “ 
12  “ 

1  lb. 

134  “ 

iy2  “ 


STRAIGHT-FACE  SPRING  BALANCES 

Specifications — The  support  for  the  spring  must 
be  of  sufficient  strength  and  rigidity  to  sustain  the 
maximum  load  without  perceptible  strain,  and  it 
must  be  permanently  fixed. 

The  graduated  face  must  be  firmly  riveted  to  the 
frame  at  not  less  than  three  points. 

The  indicator  must  be  pointed  in  order  to  facili¬ 
tate  accurate  readings,  and  it  must  not  obscure  the 
figures  showing  the  value  of  the  graduations. 

The  value  and  spacing  of  the  graduations  shall 
satisfy  the  requirements  of  the  following  table: 


• 

Maximum  Value 

Minimum  Distance 

Capacity. 

of  Interval. 

Between  Graduations. 

25  lbs. 

*£  lb. 

.03  inch 

50  “ 

1  “ 

.03  “ 

100  “ 

1  “ 

.03  “ 

200  “ 

2  “ 

.03  “ 

300  “ 

5  “ 

.09  “ 

400  “ 

5  “ 

.04  “ 

500  “ 

5  “ 

.04  “ 

The  tolerance  to  be  allowed  shall  be  four  times 
that  given  in  the  preceding  table  for  spring  balances. 


COMPUTING  SCALES. 

Specifications — Computing  scales  must  be  correct 
in  both  their  weight  and  value  indications. 

Charts  which  repeat  the  same  values  in  any  given 
column  ot  row  are  incorrect.  This  also  applies  to 
charts  on  which  value  graduations  are  correctly 
placed  but  which  in  addition  have  a  duplication  of 
value  figures  in  any  given  column  or  row. 

The  maximum  value  graduations  on  the  chart 
must  not  exceed  two  cents. 

On  all  scales  equipped  with  a  drum-shaped  chart 
the  opening  on  the  dealers’  side  must  be  such  that 
at  least  two  value  indications  at  the  lowest  price  per 
pound  may  always  be  visible.  Computing  scales 
must  be  so  constructed  that  the  ounce  graduations 
and  a  figure  representing  the  proper  number  of 
pounds  will  show  on  the  customer’s  side  when  the 
load  is  placed  on  the  pan  or  platform. 

The  distance  between  the  chart  and  the  reference 
mark  must  not  exceed  .06  inch.  Reference  marks 


must  be  present  on  both  the  dealer’s  and  customer’s 
side  and  their  width  must  not  exceed  the  width  of 
the  finest  graduation  on  the  chart.  Both  reference 
marks  must  indicate  clearly  and  correctly. 

The  maximum  value  of  the  weight  indications 
shall  be  1  oz. 

The  width  of  the  value  indicator  must  not  exceed 
the  width  of  the  value  graduations. 

On  scales  equipped  with  a  magnifying  device  the 
clear  interval  between  the  weight  and  value  gradua¬ 
tions  shall  not  be  less  than  .02  inch.  On  scales  not 
equipped  with  a  magnifying  device  the  clear  interval 
between  weight  and  value  indications  shall  not  be 
less  than  .04  inch. 

All  devices  for  adjusting  shall  be  accessible  or 
operative  only  by  the  use  of  an  outside  mechanical 
device. 

The  specifications  as  to  the  other  parts  of  com¬ 
puting  scales  not  modified  by  the  above  shall  be  the 
same  as  those  of  the  class  to  which  they  belong. 


CREAM  TEST  AND  BUTTER-FAT  TEST 

SCALES. 

Specifications — The  scale  shall  be  provided  with 
a  graduated  scale  of  at  least  ten  divisions  over  which 
the  pointer  shall  play. 

The  pointer  must  reach  to  the  graduated  divisions 
and  shall  terminate  in  a  fine  point  to  enable  the 
readings  to  be  made  clearly  and  distinctly. 

The  clear  interval  between  the  divisions  on  the 
graduated  face  shall  not  be  less  than  .05  inch. 

The  scale  shall  be  provided  with  leveling  screws 
and  an  attached  level. 

The  scale  shall  be  so  constructed  and  adjusted 
that  when  the  pans  are  released  or  disturbed  the 
pointer  will  return  to  rest  at  the  zero  mark. 

The  addition  of  one-half  grain  to  the  scale  when 
loaded  to  capacity  shall  cause  a  movement  of  the 
pointer  at  least  equal  to  one  division  on  the  grad¬ 
uated  face. 

The  tolerance  either  in  excess  or  deficiency  when 
the  scale  is  fully  loaded  shall  be  one  grain. 

WEIGHTS. 

Specifications. 

Weights  shall  be  made  of  steel,  iron,  brass  or 
any  other  metal  or  alloy  of  metals  not  softer  than 
brass.  Provided,  however,  that  weights  below 
ounce  shall  not  be  made  of  iron  or  steel,  but  may  be 
made  of  aluminum. 

Weights  must  have  smooth  surfaces  and  no  sharp 
points  or  corners. 


Weights  must  not  be  covered  with  a  soft  or 
thick  coat  of  paint  or  varnish. 

All  holes  in  which  foreign  material  is  placed 
for  adjusting  purposes  must  be  so  made  that  the 
bottom  diameter  is  larger  than  the  top  diameter. 
The  adjusting  material  must  not  project  beyond  the 
surface  of  the  weight  and  must  be  securely  held  in 
place. 

Rings  on  weights  shall  not  be  split  or  removable. 

All  weights  shall  be  clearly  marked  to  show  their 
value,  and  in  addition  weights  intended  to  be  used 
on  multiplying  lever  scales  must  be  clearly  marked 
to  show  the  weight  they  represent  on  the  scale. 

The  tolerances  allowed  shall  not  exceed  the 
values  given  in  the  following  table: 

TOLERANCES  FOR  COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS. 

(Manufacturers'  Tolerances  or  the  Tolerances  on 
new  weights  are  one-half  of  the  values  listed.) 


- Counterpoise - 

Weights  for  Multiplying-Lever  Scales. 


Ordinary 

Ratio 

Ratio  100  :1 

Ratio 

Weights 

Less 

and  Less 

1000:1 

Weight. 

( Ratio  1 :1) 

Than  100  :1. 

Than  1000:1. 

and  Over. 

50  lb. 

100  gr. 

60  gr. 

40  gr. 

20  gr. 

25 

60 

36 

24 

12 

20 

60 

36 

24 

12 

15 

40 

24 

16 

8 

10 

40 

24 

16 

8 

8 

30 

18 

12 

6 

5 

30 

18 

12 

6 

4 

20 

12 

8 

4 

3 

20 

12 

8 

4 

2 

15 

9 

6 

3 

1 

10 

6 

4 

2 

10  oz. 

10 

6 

4 

2 

8 

5 

3 

2 

1 

5 

5 

3 

2 

1 

4 

5 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1.8 

1.2 

0.6 

1 

2 

1.2 

.8 

.4 

V* 

2 

1.2 

.8 

.4 

Va 

1 

.6 

.4 

.2 

% 

0.5 

.3 

.2 

.1 

.5 

.3 

.2 

.1 

3*2 

.5 

.3 

.2 

.1 

.2 

.12 

.08 

.04 

Ratio  of 
Tolerances 

5/5 

3/5 

2/5 

1/5 

The  tolerances  allowed  on 

Apothecaries  prescrip- 

tion  weights 

shall  not  exceed  the  values  given  in 

the  following 

table: 

Oz.  Troy. 

Tolerances. 

Weight. 

Tolerances. 

10  kg. 

2000  mg: 

12 

4  gr. 

5 

1500 

10 

4 

2 

800 

8 

3 

1 

500 

5 

3 

.  . . 

4 

2 

500  g 

350 

3 

2 

200 

200 

2 

2 

100 

150 

1 

1 

50 

100 

,*  ■  „  ■*  4 

20 

50 

J  1  •  1 

10 

40 

Drachms 

>  .  ,  J  V 

5 

20 

2 

15 

•'  *  >  - 
•  -  7*  _  . 

1 

10 

8 

1.0  gr. 

6 

1.0 

500  mg. 

6 

4 

0.7 

200 

'  6 

3 

.6 

100 

2.5 

2 

.5 

50 

2.0 

1 

.3 

Scruples 

3 

0.3  gr. 

2 

0.3 

1 

0.15 

Grain 

20 

.15  gr. 

15 

.15 

10 

.10 

5 

.08 

1 

.03 

STANDARD  WEIGHTS,  PER  BUSHEL,  PECK 
AND  QUART  IN  ILLINOIS. 


Bushel, 

Peck, 

Quart, 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Ozs 

Alfalfa  Seed  . 

...60 

15 

1 

14 

Apples,  Green . 

...50 

12J4 

1 

9 

Apples,  Dried  . 

...24 

6 

12 

Barley  . 

...  48 

12 

1 

8 

Beans,  Green  or  String... 

...24 

6 

12 

Beans,  Wax  . 

...24 

6 

12 

Beans,  White  . 

...  60 

15 

1 

14 

Beans,  Castor . 

...  46 

ny2 

1 

7 

Beets  . 

...  60 

15 

1 

14 

Blue  Grass  Seed . 

...14 

354 

7 

Bran  . 

...20 

5 

10 

Buckwheat  . 

...52 

13 

1 

10 

Carrots  . 

...50 

1254 

1 

9 

Charcoal  . 

...20 

5 

10 

Clover  Seed  . 

...  60 

15 

1 

14 

iuu  Q  •'  - 

Bushel, 

Peck, 

Quart, 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.  Ozs. 

Coal  . 

.  80 

20 

2 

8 

Coke  . 

.  40 

10 

1 

4 

Corn  Seed,  Broom . 

.  48 

12 

1 

8 

Corn  Meal,  Unbolted . 

.  48 

12 

1 

8 

Corn,  in  the  Ear . 

.  70 

1 7y2 

2 

3 

Corn,  Kaffir  . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Corn,  Shelled  . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Cotton  Seed  . 

.  32 

8 

1 

Cranberries  . 

.  33 

sy4 

1 

y* 

Cucumbers  . 

.  48 

12 

1 

8 

Emmer  . 

.  40 

10 

1 

4 

Flax  Seed . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Gooseberries  . 

.  40 

10 

1 

4 

Hair,  Plastering,  Unwashed. 

.  8 

2 

Hair,  Plastering,  Washed... 

.  4 

1 

Hemp  Seed  . 

.  44 

11 

1 

6 

Hickory  Nuts  . 

.  50 

12  H 

1 

9 

Hungarian  Grass  Seed . 

.  50 

12J4 

1 

9 

Indian  Corn  or  Maize . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Lime  . . 

.  80 

20 

2 

8 

Malt  . 1 . 

.  38 

9}4 

1 

3 

Millet . . ' . 

.  50 

ny2 

1 

9 

Millet,  Japanese  Barnyard.. 

.  35 

m 

1 

1  y2 

Oats  . 

.  32 

8  1 

1 

Onions  . 

.  57 

14J4 

1 

uy2 

Onion  Sets,  Top . 

.  30  ! 

ry2 

.  ® 

15 

Onion  Sets,  Bottom . 

.32 

8 

1 

A I  " 

Orchard  Grass  Seed . 

.  14 

3/4 

v.  TJ 

Osage,  Orange  Seed.. . 

.  33 

8J4 

1 

V- 2 

Parsnips  . 

.  50 

12*4 

1 

9 

Peaches  . 

.  48 

12 

1 

8 

Peaches,  Dried  . 

.  33 

8J4 

1 

K 

Peanuts,  Green  . 

.  22 

5/4 

11 

Peanuts,  Roasted  . 

.  20 

5 

10 

Pears  . 

.  58 

uy2 

1 

13  1 

Peas,  Dried  . 

.  60 

15 

1 

14 

Peas,  Green  in  Pod . 

.  32 

8 

1 

Pop  Corn,  in  the  Ear . 

.  70 

17^4 

2 

3  1 

Pop  Corn,  Shelled  . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Potatoes,  Irish  . 

.  60 

15 

1 

14 

Potatoes,  Sweet  . 

.  50 

1254 

1 

9 

Quinces  . 

.  48 

12 

1 

8 

Rape  Seed  . 

.  50 

12*4 

1 

9 

Red  Top  Seed . 

.  14 

sy2 

7 

Rough  Rice  . 

.  45 

11 54 

1 

6*4 

Rutabagas  . 

.  50 

12J4 

1 

9 

Rye  Meal  . 

.  50 

uy2 

1 

9 

Rye  . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Salt,  Coarse . 

.  55 

13J4 

1 

1154 

Salt,  Fine  . 

.  50 

1214 

1 

9  1 

Shorts  . 

.  20 

5 

10 

Sorghum  Seed  . 

.  50 

12J4 

1 

9 

Spelt  . 

.  40 

10 

1 

4 

Bushel, 

Peck, 

Quart, 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.  Ozs. 

Spinach  . 

.  12 

3 

6 

Sweet  Clover  Seed,  Unhulled.  33 

8  M 

1 

54 

Timothy  Seed 

l  .  45 

\l% 

1 

6/4 

Tomatoes  . .  . 

.  56 

14 

1 

12 

Turnips  . 

.  55 

13^4 

1 

1154 

Walnuts  . 

.  50 

uy2 

1 

9 

Wheat  . 

.  60 

15 

1 

14 

Lbs. 

Wheat  Flour, 

per  barrel . 

196 

Wheat  Flour, 

per  half  barrel . 

.  98 

Wheat  Flour, 

per  quarter-barrel  sack 

49 

Wheat  Flour, 

per  eighth-barrel  sack 

.  24^4 

Corn  Meal,  per  bushel  sack . 

.  48 

Corn  Meal,  per  half-bushel  sack . 

.  24 

Corn  Meal,  per  quarter-bushel  sack.. 

12 

BRIEF  REFERENCE  TABLES  FOR  SEALERS. 

United  States  Linear  Measure. 

12  inches  (in.)  =  1  foot  (ft.). 

3  ft.  =  1  yard  (yd.)  =  36  inches. 

5x/2  yards  =  1  rod  (rd.)  =  16^4  feet. 

320  rods  =  1  mile  (mi.)  =  1760  yards  =  5280  feet. 

Chain  Measure. 

7.92  inches  =  1  link  (li.). 

100  li.  =  1  chain  (ch.)=66  feet. 

80  ch.  =  1  mile  (mi.). 

The  engineer’s  chain  is  100  feet  long  and  consists 
of  100  links. 

Square  Measure. 

144  square  inches  (sq.  in.)  =  1  square  foot  (sq.  ft.). 

9  sq.  ft.  —  1  square  yard  (sq.  yd.). 

30J4  sq.  yd.  =  1  square  rod  (sq.  rd.). 

160  sq.  rd.  ~  1  acre  (a.). 

Surveyor’s  Measure. 

625  square  links  (sq.  li.)  =  1  square  rod  (sq.  rd.). 

16  sq.  rods  =  1  square  chain  (sq.  ch.). 

10  sq.  ch.  =  1  acre  (a.). 

640  a.  =  1  square  mile  (sq.  mi.). 

36  sq.  mi.  (6  mi.  sq.)  =  1  township  (tp.)  =  23040  a. 

Cubic  Measure. 

1728  cubic  inches  (cu.  in.)  =  1  cubic  foot  (cu.  ft.). 

27  cu.  ft.  =  1  cubic  yard  (cu.  yd.).  = 

United  States  Liquid  Measure. 

4  gills  (gi.)  =  1  pint  (pt.). 

2  pt.  =  1  quart  (qt.)=8  gills. 

4  qt.  =  1  gallon  (gal.)  8  pints  =  32  gills. 

31  y2  gal.  =  1  barrel  (bbl.)  =  126  quarts. 

2  bbl.  =  1  hogshead  (hhd.)=63  gallons  =  252  qts. 
Apothecaries’  Fluid  Measure. 

60  minims  (m.)  =  1  fluid  dram  (fl.  dr.). 

8  fl.  dr.  =  1  fluid  ounce  (fl.  oz.)  =480  minims. 

16  fl.  oz.  =  1  pint  (O.)  =  128  fl.  dr.  =  7680  m. 

8  O.  =  1  gallon  (cong.)  =  128  fl.  oz.  =  1024  fl.  dr. 


United  States  Dry  Measure. 

2  pints  (pt.)  =  1  quart  (qt.). 

8  qt.  =  1  peck  (pk.)  =  16  pints. 

4  pk.  =  1  bushel  (bu.)=32  quarts  =  64  pints. 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

27  11/32  grains  (gr.)  =  1  dram  (dr.). 

16  dr.  =  1  ounce  (oz.)=  437^4  grains. 

16  oz.  =  1  pound  (lb.)  =  156  drams  =  7000  grains. 

100  lbs.  =  1  hundredweight  (cwt.)  =  1600  ounces. 

20  cwt.  =  1  ton  (t.)  =2000  pounds. 

Troy  Weight. 

24  grains  (gr.)  =  1  pennyweight  (dwt.). 

20  dwt.  =  1  ounce  (oz.)  =480  grains. 

12  oz.  =  1  pound  (lb.)  =  240  dwt.  =  5760  gr. 

Apothecaries*  Weight. 

20  grains  (gr.)  =  1  scruple  (3). 

3  3  =  1  dram  (3)  =60  gr. 

8  3  =  1  ounce  (3)  =  24  3  =  480  gr. 

12  3  =  1  pound  (lb.)  =  96  3  =  288  3  =  5760  gr. 

Number  of  cubic  inches  in  U.  S.  Standard  capacity 
measures: 

Liquid  Measure. 

1  gallon  contains  231  cu.  in. 
y2  gallon  contains  115.5  cu.  in. 

1  quart  contains  57.75  cu.  in. 

1  pint  contains  28.875  cu.  in. 

54  pint  contains  14.437  cu.  in. 

1  gill  contains  7.218  cu.  in. 

1  fluid  oz.  contains  1.804  cu.  in. 

1  dram  contains  .225  cu.  in. 

Dry  Measure. 

1  bushel  contains  2150.42  cu.  in. 
y2  bushel  contains  1075.21  cu.  in. 

1  peck  contains  537.60  cu.  in. 
y2  peck  contains  268.80  cu.  in. 

54  peck  contains  134.40  cu.  in. 

1  quart  contains  67.20  cu.  in. 

1  pint  contains  33.60  cu.  in. 
y2  pint  contains  16.80  cu.  in. 

The  Metric  System. 

The  metric  system  is  based  on  a  unit  of  length 
(the  meter).  A  cubic  box  one-tenth  of  a  meter  on 
the  side  has  the  unit  of  capacity,  a  liter,  and  the 
water  contained  in  a  liter  weighs  one  kilogram.  The 
unit  of  weight,  the  gram,  in  the  metric  system  is  the 
weight  of  water  contained  in  a  cubical  box  one- 
hundredth  of  a  meter  on  a  side.  (Note:  These  values 
are  not  precisely  correct,  but  hold  for  all  but  the 
most  refined  measurements.) 

The  entire  system  is  then  built  up  by  multiplying 
or  dividing  the  unit  by  ten,  one  hundred  and  one 


thousand,  using  always  the  same  prefix  to  indicate 
what  the  unit  is  multiplied  or  divided  by,  thus: 
milli  means  1/1000  or  divided  by  1000 
centi  means  1/100  or  divided  by  100 
deci  means  1/10  or  divided  by  10 
deka  means  10  or  multiplied  by  10 
hecto  means  100  or -multiplied  by  100 
kilo  means  1000  or  multiplied  by  1000. 

The  tables  then  become: 

Length. 

10  milli-meters  =  1  centi-meter. 

10  centi-meters  =  1  deci-meter. 

10  deci-meters  =  1  meter. 

10  meters  =  1  aekameter. 

10  deka-meters  =  1  hecto-meter. 

10  hecto-meters  =  1  kilo-meter. 

Weight. 

10  milli-grams  =  1  centi-gram. 

10  centi-grams  =  1  deci-gram. 

10  deci-grams  =  1  gram. 

10  grams  =  1  deka-gram. 

10  deka-grams  =  1  hecto-gram. 

10  hecto-grams  =  1  kilo-gram. 

Capacity. 

10  milli-liters  =  1  centi-liter. 

10  centi-liters  —  1  deci-liter. 

10  deci-liters  =  1  liter  (1  cubic  deci-meter). 

10  liters  =  1  deka-liter. 

10  deka-liters  =  1  hecto-liter. 

10  hecto-liters  =  1  kilo-liter. 

In  the  metric  system  there  is  but  one  standard  of 
weight,  one  standard  of  measure  for  liquids  and  dry 
commodities  alike,  and  but  one  standard  of  length. 


A  Few  Useful  Equivalents. 


1  centi-meter  =  .394  inch. 

Approximate 

Equivalents. 

4 

1  0 

1  inch  =2.54  centi-meters. 

2%. 

1  yard  =  .914  meter. 

9 

1  O 

1  meter  =39.37  inches. 

39K 

=  1.09  yards. 

liV 

1  kilo-meter  =  .621  mile. 

% 

1  mile  =  1.61  kilo-meters. 

1A 

1  nail  =  2^4  inches. 

1  palm  =  3  inches. 

1  hand  =  4  inches. 

1  barley-corn  =  l/$  inch. 

1  span  —  9  inches. 

1  cubit  =  18  inches. 

1  pace  =  3  feet. 

1  hairsbreadth  =  1/48  inch. 

1  dry  quart  =  1.164  liquid  quarts  (U.  S.).  1« 

—  67.2  cubic  inches. 


1  liquid  quart  =  .859  dry  quart  (U.  S.).^  . .  t 

=  57.75  cubic  inches. 

1  liter  ==  1.056  liquid  quarts  (U.  S.).  :ltJ  l^oj 

=  .908  dry  quart  (U.  S.).  : 

1  cubic  inch  =  4.43  fl.  dr.  4% 

1  cubic  meter  =  1.308  cubic  yards.  iy3: 

1  cubic  yard  =21.696  bushels  (U.  S.).  21% 

1  fluid  dram  =  .226  cu.  in.  •  ,  ,  % 

1  hecto-liter  =  26.42  gallons  (U.  S.).  26%; 

, .  =  .765,  cubic  meter.  % 

=  2.84  bushels  (U.  S.).  2f 

1  cord  (firewood)  =  4x4x8  ft.  =  128  cu.  ft. 

1  barrel  refined  oil  =42  gallons.  3_, 

1  heaped  bushel  =  1%  struck  bushel  or  ordinary 
bushel.  -  ' 

<  L  ‘  j  «*/>.-.  -  •  -<  v  —  -  •  -  -  * 

1  firkin  butter  =  56  pounds. 

1  gallon  of  water  weighs  8.323  pounds. 

1  gram  =  15.43  grains.  ^  ,  15% 

1  rpili-gram  —  .0154  grains.  ....  „  ;t#o 

1  grain  =64.8  milli-grams.  ,  65 

1  ounce  (Av.)  =  28.35  grains*  -  28% 

1  kilo-gram  =  2.205  pounds  (Av.).  ,  x 

1  pound  (Av.)  =.454  kilo-gram.  ,.  ^o 

1  ton  =907.185  kilo-grams  900 

1*  metric  ton  =  2204.62  pounds  (Av.).  2200 

1  long^ton  =  2240  pounds. 

1  carat  =  3.171  grains  (varies  considerably). 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  circle  from  the  circum- 

.  J  x.  ^  zh 

ference  divide  the  circumference  by  3.1416. 

To  find  the  capacity  of  a  rectangular  box  or  bin: 
Multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth  by  the  depth  or 
height.  The  three  dimensions  must  be  in  the  same 
units. 

Example:  A  bin  is  6  ft.  wide,  5  ft.  6  in.  deep  and 
8  ft.  3  in.  long.  Its  capacity  is  6  X  5%  X  8 %  =272% 
cubic  feet. 

*  ,  •  .  \  v  - 

To  -  find  the  capacity  of  a  cylindrical  measure  dr 

.  r-  •  -  •>  r 

box';  or  bin:  >  Multiply  the  diameter  by  the  diameter 
by  3.1416  by  the  height  and  divide  by  4. 

Example:  If  a  cylindrical  measure  is  13  inches  in 
diameter  and  6  inches  in  depth,  its  capacity  is  (13  X 
13  X  3.1416  X  6)  ~  4  =  796.39  cubic  inches. 

Find  the  approximate  capacity  of  a  barrel  of  di¬ 
mensions  different  from  those  given  in  the  statutes 
by  measuring  the  mean  diameter  and  depth.  Ex¬ 
ample:  A  barrel  is  25  inches  between  the  heads  in- 
side.  The  inside  diameter  of  the  top  and  bottom  is 
18  inches  and  the  inside  diameter  at  the  center  is  20 
inches.  Find  the  capacity.  The  average  diameter  is 
approximately  %  of  the  diameter  of  the  ends  and  of 
the  center,  or  (18"-f-  20")  -f-  2=  19  inches.  Then  pro¬ 
ceed  as  in  the  case  of  a  cylinder. 

(19  X  19  X  3.1416  X  25)  4  =  7088.2  cu.  in. 

To  find  the  capacity  of  a  berry  box  which  has 
sloping  sides,  the  approximate  capacity  can  be  found 


by  adding  the  area  of  the  top  and  the  area  of  the 
bottom  and  dividing  by  2,  and  then  multiplying  by 
the  depth. 

Example:  A  berry  box  is  5.1  X  5.1  inches  on  top; 
4.37  X  4.37  inches  at  the  bottom,  and  2.93  in  depth, 
the  content  is  [(4.37  X  4.37)  -j-  (5.1  X  5.1)]  X  2.93  -f- 
2  =  66.1  cubic  inches. 

To  find  the  capacity  of  a  berry  box  more  exactly, 
find  the  area  of  the  top  and  the  area  of  the  bottom, 
and  the  perpendicular  depth.  Then  multiply  one- 
third  of  the  height  by  the  sum  of  the  top  area  plus 
the  bottom  area  plus  the  square  root  of  the  product 
of  the  two  areas. 

Example:  A  berry  box  is  5.1  inches  on  the  side 
at  the  top  and  4.37  inches  on  the  side  at  the  bottom. 
The  depth  is  2.93  inches,  then  1-3X2.93  ■{  [(4.37  X 
4.37)  +  (5.1  X  5.1)]  +  V  [(4.37  X  4.37)X(5.1  X  5.1)]  } 
=  65.8  cubic  inches. 

To  find  the  number  of  tons  of  coal  in  a  bin,  find 
the  number  of  cubic  feet  it  occupies  and  multiply  by 
the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  coal  and  divide  by  2,000. 

Example:  Average  nut  coal  weighs  about  52 
pounds  to  the  cubic  foot  of  coal.  If  a  rectangular 
bin  is  5  feet  wide  and  8  feet  6  inches  long  and  filled 
evenly  to  a  depth  of  4  feet,  there  will  be:  5X8^4  X 
4  =  170  cubic  feet  of  coal,  or  (170  x  52)  -f-  2,000  = 
4.42  tons  of  coal. 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  various  kinds  of 
coal  as  given  in  a  bulletin  of  the  Anthracite  Coal 
Operators’  Association  is  as  follows: 


Weight 

Cu.  Ft. 

Per 

Per  Ton 

Cu.  Ft.,  Lbs. 

2,000  Lbs. 

Lehigh  Lump  . 

.  55.26 

36.19 

Lehigh  Cupola  . 

.  55.22 

36.02 

Lehigh  Broken . 

.  56.85 

35.18 

Lehigh  Egg . 

.  57.74 

34.63 

Lehigh  Stove  . 

.  58.15 

34.39 

Lehigh  Nut . 

.....  58.26 

34.32 

Lehigh  Pea  . 

.  53.18 

37.60 

Lehigh  Buckwheat  . 

.  54.04 

37.01 

Lehigh  Dust  . 

.  57.25 

34.93 

Free  Burning  Egg . 

.  56.07 

35.67 

Free  Burning  Stove . 

.  56.33 

35.50 

Free  Burning  Nut . 

.  56.88 

35.50 

Pittsburgh  . 

.  46.48 

43.03 

Illinois . 

.  47.22 

42.35 

Connellsville  Coke . 

.  26.30 

76.04 

Hocking  . 

.  49.30 

40.56 

Indiana  Block . 

.  43.85 

45.61 

Erie  . 

.  48.07 

41.61 

Cannel  . 

.  49.18 

40.66 

Pocahontas  Mine  Run . 

.  55.55 

36.00 

Pocahontas  Egg  Lump . 

.  50.00 

40.00 

